What causes turbulence in the atmosphere?

Turbulence in the atmosphere is primarily caused by convective currents. Convective currents are generated when there are variations in temperature and density in the air, leading to rising and falling air masses. Warm air is less dense and can rise, while cooler air is denser and will sink, creating a vertical flow or movement in the atmosphere. This upward and downward motion disrupts the smooth flow of air, resulting in turbulence.

When air rises, it can create eddies and irregular movements, which are felt as turbulence. This phenomenon is particularly pronounced in unstable atmospheric conditions, such as during hot days when the ground heats the air above it, causing strong convection currents. Factors like the uneven heating of the earth's surface contribute to these currents and thus enhance turbulence.

While other factors like wind direction, static pressure, and humidity can influence flying conditions, they do not directly create turbulence in the same way that the dynamics of convection do. Wind direction may affect how turbulence is experienced during flight, but it is not a direct cause. Similarly, static pressure and low humidity might play roles in overall atmospheric stability but are not primary causes of turbulence.